Apache. Probably from apachu, "enemy," the Zuni name for the Navaho who were designated "Apaches de Nabaju" by the early Spaniards in New Mexico. The name has also been applied to some Yuman tribes, the Apache Mohave (Yavapai) and the Apache Yuma. Also called:
Ahadje, Havasupai name for at least Tonto and White Mountain
Apache.
Ai-a'-ta, Panamint name.
Atokuwe, Kiowa name.
Awatch or Awatche, Ute name.
Chah'-shm, Santo Domingo Keres name.
Chishye, Laguna name.
Ha-ma-kaba-mitc kwa-dig, Mohave name, meaning "far-away
Mohave."
H'iwana, Taos name.
Igihua'-a, Havasupai name.
Inde or N'de, own name.
Jarosoma, Pima name (from Kino).
Mountain Comanche, by Yoakum (1855-56).
Muxtsuhintan, Cheyenne name.
Oop, Papago name.
Op, or Awp, Pima name.
Poanln, Sandia and Isleta name (Hodge, 1895).
P'onin, Isleta name (Gatschet, MS., B. A. E.).
Shis-Inday, own name meaning "men of the woods," because
their winter quarters were always in the forest.
Ta-ashi, Comanche name, meaning "turned up," and having
reference to their moccasins.
Tagui, Old Kiowa name.
Tagukeresh, Pecos name.
Tashin, Comanche name (Mooney, 1898).
Taxkahe, Arapaho name.
Thah-a-i-nin', Arapaho name, meaning "people who play on
bone instruments," meaning two bison ribs, one notched, over
which the other is rubbed.
Tinna'-ash, Wichita name.
Tshishe, Laguna name.
Utce-ci-nyu-muh or Utsaamu, or Yotche-eme, Hopi name.
Xa-he'-ta-no', Cheyenne name meaning "those who tie their
hair back."
Connections.- Together with the Navaho,
the Apache constituted the western group of the southern division of the
Athapascan linguistic stock (Hoijer, 1938).
Location.- In southern New Mexico and Arizona, western Texas, and southeastern Colorado, also ranging over much of northern Mexico. (See also Kansas, Oklahoma, and Mexico.) Bands of Apache occupied the Gila River region in Arizona within historic times and periodically overran much of the territory of the State. (See New Mexico.)
Subdivisions- On linguistic grounds Hoijer (1938) divides the southern Athapascans into two main groups, a western and an eastern. The latter includes the Jicarilla, Lipan, and Kiowa Apache, the two former being more closely related to each other than either is to the Kiowa Apache. In the western group Hoijer again distinguishes two major subdivisions, the Navaho, and the San Carlos-Chiricahua-Mescalero. The Navaho are always regarded as a distinct tribe and will be so treated here. Separate treatment is also being given to the Jicarilla, Lipan, and Kiowa Apache. The rest of the southern Athapascans will be placed under the present head, it being freely admitted at the same time that such treatment is mainly a matter of convenience and that it is impossible to say how many and what southern Athapascan divisions should be given tribal status. What is here called the Apache Tribe may be classified as follows with the locations of the divisions, basing the scheme on the classifications of Hoijer and Goodwin (1935):
1. San Carlos Group:
San Carlos proper
Apache Peaks Band, in the Apache Mountains, northeast of Globe. Arivaipa
Band, on Arivaipa Creek. Pinal Band, between Salt and Gila Rivers in Gila
and Pinal Counties. San Carlos Band, in the region of San Carlos River
between Gila and Salt Rivers.
White Mountain Group:
Eastern White Mountain Band, in the region of the upper Gila and Salt
Rivers in southeastern Arizona. Western White Mountain Band, in the same
region between the Eastern Band and the San Carlos Band.
Cibecue Group:
Canyon Creck Band, centering on Canyon Creek in Gila and Navajo Counties.
Carrizo Band, on Carrizo Creek in Gila County. Cibicue Band, on Cibecue
Creek between the two last.
Southern Tonto Croup:
Mazatzal Band, about the Mazatzal Mountains.
Six semi bands: north of Roosevelt Lake; on the upper Tonto Creek between
the upper Tonto and the East Verde; west of the preceding between the East
Verde, Tonto, and Verde; north of the East Verde; and from Cherry Creek
to Clear Creek.
Northern Tonto Group:
Bald Mountain Band, about Bald Mountain, south of CampVerde. Fossil
Creek Band, on Fossil Creck between Gila and Yavapai Counties. Mormon Lake
Band, centering on Mormon Lake south of Flagstaff. Oak Creek Band, about
Oak Creek south of Flagstaff.
2. Chiricahua-Mescalero Group:
Gilenos Group:
Chiricahua Band, about the Chiricahna Mountains in southwestern Arizona.
Mimbreno Band, centered in the Mimbres Mountains in southwestern New Mexico.
Mogollon Band, about the Mogollon Mountains in Catron and Grant Counties,
N. Mex. Warm Spring Band, at the head of Gila River.
Mescalero Group:
Faraon or Apache Band of Pharaoh, a southern division of the Mescalero.
Mescalero Band, mainly between the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers, N. Mex.
The term Querecho, as well as Vaquero, was applied rather generally to
Apache by the Spaniards but probably more particularly to the Mescslero
and their allies Under Lianero were included Mescalcro, Jicarilla, and
even some Comanche. The term Coyotero has been applied to some of the San
Carlos divisions and recently by Murdock (1941) to all.
History- The Apache tribes had evidently drifted from the north during the prehistoric period, probably along the eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains. When Coronado encountered them in 1540 under the name Querechos, they were in eastern New Mexico and western Texas, and they apparently did not reach Arizona until after the middle of the sixteenth century. They were first called Apache by Onate in 1598. After that time their history was one succession of raids upon the Spanish territories, and after the United States Government had supplanted that of Mexico in the Southwest, the wars with the Apache constituted some of the most sensational chapters in our military annals. Except for some Apache in Mexico and a few Lipans with the Tonkawa and Kiowa in Oklahoma, these people were finally gathered into reservations in New Mexico and Arizona.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated that all of the Apache proper numbered 5,000 in 1680. The census of 1910 gives 6,119 Apache of all kinds, excluding only the Kiowa Apache, and the Report of the United States Indian Office for 1923 enumerates 6,630. If an increase has actually occurred, it is to be attributed to the captives taken by these people from all the surrounding tribes and from the Mexicans. The census of 1930 returned 6,537 but this includes the Jicarilla and Lipan. The Apache proper would number about 6,000. However, the Indian Office Report for 1937 gives 6,916 exclusive of the Jicarilla.
Connection in which they have become noted.- Apache is one of the best-known Indian tribal names. This is due (1) to the warlike character of the people bearing it, (2) to their constant depredations along the Spanish and American frontiers, and (3) to the severe and difficult fighting made necessary before they were forced to give up their ancient raiding proclivities. The word has, therefore, been taken over to some extent into literature when it is desired to describe fierce and ruthless individuals, and in this sense it has been given local application to some of the criminal elements of Paris. The name Apache is given to villages in Cochise County, Ariz., and Caddo County, Okla., and Apache Creek is a place in Catron County, N. Mex.
Treaty with the Apache, July 1, 1852
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/ntreaty/apa1852.htm
Treaty with the Apache, Cheyenne, and Arapaho; October 17, 1865.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/ntreaty/apchar65.htm
General History
http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/8494/apache.html
Apache Indian Creation Story
http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/8494/creation.html
General Description
http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/AA/bma33.html%20
Curtis Collection
http://www.curtis-collection.com/tribe%20data/apache.html
Camp Verde Yavapai-Apache Indian Reservation
Fort Apache Indian Reservation (Home of the White Mountain Apache)
Fort McDowell Mohave/Apache Indian Reservation
The People Called Apache. By Thomas E. Mails
E99 A6 M35
Apache land, written and illustrated by Ross Santee.
E99
.A6 S3 1971
Life among the Apaches / by John C. Cremony.
E99
.A6 C7 1969
A condensed history of the Apache and Comanche Indian tribes ... prepared
from the general conversation of H. Lehmann ... and others. By Jonathan
H. Jones.
E87
.L52
Apaches & longhorns : the reminiscences of Will C. Barnes / edited
by Frank C. Lockwood ; with a decoration by Cas Duchow.
F811
.B27 1982
History of the San Carlos Apache/ edited by Dale Curtis Miles &
Paul R. Machula. :
E99.A6
H57x 1997
The Apaches of the White Mountain Reservation, Arizona report / by Robert
Frazer
E93
.I42 1885
The Mimbres people : ancient Pueblo painters of the American Southwest
/ Steven A. Leblanc.
E99
.M76 L42x
Victorio and the Mimbres Apaches[by] Dan L. Thrapp.
E99
.A6 T48x
